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Contents:
1. Before Tudhaliya III (1500-1340s
BC)
2. Tudhaliya III and Suppiluliuma I
(1340s-1320s BC)
3. Mursili II (1320s-1290s BC)
4. Decline of Hayasa
5. See also
6. References
7. External links
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Hayasa-Azzi
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Location of Hayasa-Azzi.
Location of Hayasa-Azzi.
Hayasa-Azzi or Azzi-Hayasa,
Haisa was a confederation formed between the
Kingdoms of Hayasa located South of Trabzon and Azzi, located North
of the Euphrates and to the South of
Hayasa. The territory of Hayasa is thought to have been involved in
the formation of the Armenian
nation (Hayk) and ancient Armenian language. The union of tribes
ruled by Hayes (Armenian: Հայ,
a name still used by modern Armenians) was formed there and moved
to Shupria in 12th century BC. [1] [2]
1. Before Tudhaliya III (1500-1340s BC)
Hittite inscriptions deciphered in
the 1920s by the Swiss scholar Emil Forrer testify to the existence
of a mountain country, the Hayasa and/or the Azzi, lying around
Lake Van. Several prominent authorities
agree in placing Azzi to the north of Ishuwa. Others see Hayasa and Azzi as
identical.
Records of the time between Telipinu
and Tudhaliya III are sketchy. The
Hittites seem to have abandoned their capital at Hattusa and moved to Sapinuwa under one of the earlier Tudhaliya kings. In the early 14th cenutury BC
Sapinuwa was burned as well. Hattusili
III recorded of this time that the Azzi had "made Samuha its frontier". It should be born in
mind that people who view themselves as great civilizations are not
always too particular about which group of so-called
"Barbarians" they are fighting. Also at times multiple
atrocities are blamed on one group as a rallying cry for a current
war.
2. Tudhaliya III and Suppiluliuma I (1340s-1320s
BC)
Tudhaliya III chose to make Samuha his capital. He sent
his general Suppiliuma, who would later serve as king under the
title Suppiluliuma I, against
Hayasa. The Hayasans refused to fight, and Suppiluliuma was
confronted instead by Kaska marauders; but
Suppiluliuma defeated them.
During their reigns, the cuneiform tablets of Boğazköy begin to mention the names of
three successive kings who ruled over a state of Hayasa and/or
Azzi. They were Karanni, Mariya, and Hukkana.
Karanni made incursions into the Hittite empire, which were
stopped by Tudhaliya together with Suppiluliuma. Mariya, the next
king of Hayasa, who had married a Hittite princess, was punished
with death because of his breach of matrimonial contract.
Hukkana, the third in the line, also married a Hittite princess;
by now, Suppiluliuma had become king himself and Hukkana had
married Suppiluliuma's sister.
In a treaty signed with Hukkana, Suppiluliuma I mentions a
series of obligations of civil right:
"My sister, whom I gave you in marriage has sisters;
through your marriage, they now become your relatives. Well, there
is a law in the land of the Hatti. Do not approach sisters, your
sisters-in law or your cousins; that is not permitted. In Hatti
Land, whosoever commits such an act does not live; he dies. In your
country, you do not hesitate to marry your own sister, sister-in
law or cousin, because you are not civilized. Such an act cannot be
permitted in Hatti."
Despite these restrictions imposed upon Hukkana, he was no meek
and submissive brother-in law in political and military affairs. As
a condition for the release of the thousands of Hittite prisoners
held in his domain, he demanded first the return to home of the
Hayasan prisoners confined in Hatti.
3. Mursili II (1320s-1290s BC)
The kingdom of Hayasa-Azzi remained quiet for a time, perhaps
hit by the same plague which claimed Suppiluliuma and his son
Arnuwanda II. But in Mursili's
seventh year (three years before Mursili's eclipse - so, 1315 BC),
the "lord of Azzi" Anniya took advantage of
Pihhuniya's unification of the Kaskas
and raided the Hittite border town of Dankuwa.
Cavaignac wrote of that period that Anniya "had sacked
several districts and refused to release the prisoners taken. He
had created a political union of the tribes of Armenia, and
organized a kingdom which extended from the River Iris (Yeshil-Irmak) to the Lake of
Van."[citation needed]
Hayasa's good fortune did not continue long, however. The
Hittite King Mursili II, having
defeated Pihhuniya and consulted the oracles, invaded Hayasa in. In
the following spring he crossed the Euphrates and re-organized his
army at Ingalova ”Angegh, Angel” which, about ten centuries later,
was to become the treasure-house and burial-place of the Armenian kings of the Arshakuni Dynasty. One of the captured
fortresses lay on the west side of the Lake of Van.
The Annals of Mursili thus describe these campaigns (CTH 61, 43, 78[citation
needed]):
The people of Nahasse arose and besieged" (name
indecipherable). "Other enemies and the people of Hayasa
likewise. They plundered Institina, blockaded Ganuvara with troops
and chariots. And because I had left Nuvanzas, the chief
cup-bearer, and all the heads of the camp and troops and chariots
in the High Country, I wrote to Nuvanzas as follows; 'See the
people of Hayasa have devastated Institina, and blockaded the city
of Ganuvara.' And Nuvanza led troops and chariots for aid and
marched to Ganuvara And then he sent to me a messenger and wrote to
me; 'Will you not go to consult for me the augur and the
foreteller? Could not a decision be made for me by the birds and
the flesh of the expiatory victims?
And I sent to Nuvanza this letter: 'See, I consulted
for you birds and flesh, and they commanded, Go! because these
people of Hayasa, the God U, has already delivered to you; strike
them!
And as I was returning from Astatan to Carchemish, the
royal prince Nana-Lu came to meet me on the road and said, 'The
Hayasan enemy having besieged Ganuvara, Nuvanza marched against him
and met him under the walls of Ganuvara. Ten thousand men and seven
hundred chariots were drawn up in battle against him, and Nuvanza
defeated them. There are many dead and many prisoners.
(Here the tablets are defaced, and 15 lines lost.)
And when I arrived in Tiggaramma, the chief cup-bearer
Nuvanza and all the noblemen came to meet me at Tiggaramma. I
should have marched to Hayasa still, but the chiefs said to me,
'The season is now far advanced, Sire, Lord! Do not go to
Hayasa.' And I did not go to Hayasa.
After Anniya's defeat, neither Azzi nor Hayasa re-emerge in
the Hittite (or Assyrian) record as a
unified nation.
4. Decline of Hayasa
Hayasa as a fighting power was practically eliminated by the
expedition of Mursil II in 1340 B.C. But after Mursil's
premature death in 1320 B.C., the Hatti empire suffered a series of
shocks. His elder brother Arnuwanda (Arvandas, or Erouand) had also
died young. The origin of the Hay element is still a mystery, but
the existence of the land and people of Hayasa as a factor in
relation to the Hatti covers a long period. [3]
5. See also
* Ishuwa
* Hurrians
* Phrygians
* History of the
Hittites
* Indo-European
languages
* Prehistoric Armenia
* Lesser Armenia
6. References
* Vahan M. Kurkjian, History
of Armenia.
* T. V. Gamkrelidze and
V. V. Ivanov,
The Early History of Indo-European (aka Aryan) Languages,
Scientific American, March 1990
* Armenia: Cradle of Civilization by David Marshall Lang (review) // The
Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Autumn, 1980),
pp. 312-314, by Sonia Ketchian
1. Lesser Armenia article, Great Soviet
Encyclopedia
2. Armenians article, Great Soviet
Encyclopedia
3. Vahan Kurkjian - The Country
of Hayasa-Khayasha
7. External links
* http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Armenia/1133483520.pdf
History of Armenia
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with unsourced statements,
Articles with unsourced statements since October 2007, Articles
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modified: 2008-01-04 02:15:50
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